Nightmares are often considered a childhood problem, but many adults in Spain experience them regularly. According to psychologists, disturbing dreams can be either a temporary response to stress or a sign of more serious disorders that require professional attention. Understanding the causes and consequences of this phenomenon is the first step toward restoring quality rest and emotional balance.
From a psychological perspective, a nightmare is a vivid and distressing dream that causes fear or anxiety and leads to abrupt awakening. Occasional episodes are not a cause for concern. However, when bad dreams become frequent, it may indicate an underlying issue. Clinical data shows that about 3% of young people suffer from frequent nightmares, while among older adults this figure drops to just 1%, with a frequency of one to two times per week. If disturbing dreams persist over an extended period, they are most likely linked to a psychological disorder or physical factors that disrupt sleep.
Among the most common causes of nightmares in adults are ongoing stress at work or within the family, financial difficulties, as well as traumatic events such as the loss of a loved one or losing a job. Sudden life changes that create a sense of insecurity can also trigger bad dreams. In addition, physiological factors like a heavy dinner can affect sleep quality. Experts also note that women report nightmares two to four times more often than men, although this may be due to a greater willingness to discuss such topics.
There is a fundamental difference between night terrors in children and adults. Children’s nightmares are often driven by vivid imagination and age-related fears—such as darkness, monsters, or separation from parents. Usually, these fears resolve on their own as the child grows older. In adults, however, disturbing dreams most often serve as a way to release accumulated daily stress. Their origin may also be linked to physical conditions, such as digestive problems, sleep disturbances, or chronic illnesses.
In clinical practice, nightmare disorder is recognized as a condition that can be directly linked to mental or physical health issues. Studies show that nightmares are a common symptom in a range of pathologies. These include post-traumatic stress disorder (Trastorno de estrés postraumático, TEPT), which develops after life-threatening events. In such cases, dreams may fully or partially replay the traumatic situation. Depression and anxiety disorders also increase the likelihood of nightmares, as the brain has more difficulty processing emotions. Additionally, apnea and narcolepsy are often accompanied by disturbing dreams, and certain medications, including antidepressants and analgesics, may cause them as a side effect.
It is recommended to consult a physician or sleep specialist if nightmares occur several times a week, significantly disrupt sleep, cause fear of falling asleep, or are accompanied by other symptoms of depression or anxiety. According to diagnostic criteria, a diagnosis requires that the dreams are recurrent, have vivid and memorable content, and that awakening is complete, without confusion. It is also necessary to rule out direct medical or pharmacological causes.
The most effective approach to treatment combines lifestyle adjustments, stress management, and, when necessary, psychotherapy. Experts recommend practicing good sleep hygiene: going to bed and waking up at the same time, avoiding gadgets before sleep, and keeping the bedroom at a comfortable temperature. Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga can help reduce stress levels. Regular physical activity also improves sleep quality and helps regulate the nervous system.
In psychology, nightmares are viewed not just as an unpleasant symptom, but as an important signal indicating emotional or psychological issues. Taking care of sleep quality, avoiding excessive alcohol and caffeine consumption, and maintaining emotional balance can be key to preventing chronic sleep problems. An occasional bad night’s sleep shouldn’t be a cause for concern, but if nightmares have become a constant companion, it’s a valid reason to seek help.
