A modern electric vehicle is more than just transport—it’s a sophisticated system where traditional mechanics give way to electronics. Controllers, inverters, BMS, and dozens of other modules form an integrated network coordinating all systems. This article examines the architecture of electric vehicles, key components, and explains how they interact.
The Electric Anatomy
The layout of an electric car resembles a subway map: power flows from the charging station to the wheels, with numerous ‘stops’ at controllers and inverters along the way.
The charging controller determines how quickly the battery is replenished: whether from a standard outlet or a fast-charging station. Modes are managed automatically via communication protocols such as PLC or CAN.
The battery is more than just a power source—it’s a system of hundreds of cells. The BMS (Battery Management System) monitors cell health, balances charging, and controls temperature. Without BMS, an electric vehicle would be unsafe and unpredictable.
The Heart and ‘Nerves’ of the EV
The inverter converts the battery’s direct current into alternating current for the motor. Its transistors switch at high speed to produce a three-phase sinusoidal current. The inverter not only drives the motor, but can also warm up the battery in cold weather.
The motor is usually asynchronous and runs on alternating current. Its speed is regulated by the inverter’s frequency. A gearbox on the axle increases torque, while the shaft position sensor ensures the system knows the motor is spinning correctly.
Control and Comfort
Inside the electric vehicle, the dashboard and touchscreens receive data via the CAN bus or 100Base-T1. The system can be controlled through a mobile app or Bluetooth LE. For enthusiasts, access to the CAN bus allows real-time data monitoring.
The steering rack is equipped with a BLDC motor with its own ECU or a mechanical link through a planetary gear. This ensures precise control even in the event of electronic failure.
Peripherals and Communication
The electric vehicle manages headlights, power windows, locks, and wipers through Body Control Units (BCU). Controllers communicate via CAN, LIN, and FlexRay protocols. The entire network functions like a nervous system: every signal is vital and must reach its destination without delay.
The absence of traditional mechanics is offset by powerful processors for multimedia and control. Accessible microcontrollers have made mass production of electric vehicles possible.
Terms and Nuances
Modern electric vehicles are filled with technical abbreviations:
CAN (Controller Area Network) — a bus connecting all electronic units.
BMS (Battery Management System) — battery management system.
HMI (Human Machine Interface) — driver interface.
In addition, ADAS, multimedia, engine sound emulation, powered wing actuators, and heated cup holders can be installed. But the foundation remains the same: each unit performs its function, creating a unique driving experience.
Electric Vehicles Today
Major manufacturers such as Tesla, BYD, and Volkswagen are investing billions in the development of platforms and electronic systems. The architecture, communication protocols, and reliability of components are constantly being improved. As a result, electric vehicles are becoming not only more environmentally friendly but also more technologically advanced, opening up new possibilities for drivers worldwide.
