A new scientific study, published in 2025, radically changes our understanding of the scale and complexity of Maya civilization. According to recent data, during its peak known as the Late Classic period (600–900 AD), the Maya population could have reached 16 million people. This figure is 45% higher than the boldest previous estimates and points to a much greater level of development in this ancient society.
These conclusions were reached by a group of researchers led by archaeologist Francisco Estrada-Belli from Tulane University. The key to the discovery was the use of LiDAR laser scanning technology, which allowed scientists to literally ‘see’ beneath the thick canopy of tropical forests. The researchers combined LiDAR data from various sources with ecological information from NASA, creating a detailed map covering 95,000 square kilometers. This area spans parts of modern Guatemala, southern Mexico, and western Belize.
Analysis of the resulting images revealed not only a high population density, but also a unified, well-planned settlement pattern. Contrary to previous theories of isolated rural communities, it turned out that these communities were located in close proximity to major ceremonial and administrative centers controlled by the elite. This indicates that all residents had access to shared religious, economic, and political practices, forming a single social space.
The northern lowlands (Tierras Bajas Mayas del norte) proved to be especially densely populated and urbanized. Mapping revealed an extensive network of agricultural lands here, including terraces and irrigation canals, capable of feeding millions. This challenges the notion of the Maya as a civilization constantly struggling to survive in the harsh conditions of the jungle.
Thus, the study presents the Maya civilization not as a collection of isolated city-states, but as a highly structured society. The Maya possessed advanced knowledge for their era in agricultural technology and social management, which allowed them to create a complex network of interconnected settlements across a vast territory and effectively manage available resources. This discovery offers a new perspective on the achievements and legacy of one of the most enigmatic civilizations of antiquity.
